Not long after the devastating attack on Pearl Harbor claimed 2,403 lives on December 7, 1941, a wave of fear, suspicion, and prejudice swept across the United States. Although Japan was responsible for the assault, many Americans unjustly extended their resentment to Japanese immigrants and Japanese-American citizens living within the nation’s borders.

In February 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, a directive that led to the forced removal and incarceration of over 100,000 individuals of Japanese descent. The government justified these actions as necessary for national security, fearing potential espionage or sabotage from within. However, history has shown that these fears were unfounded, and the majority of those interned were innocent American citizens whose lives were upended by the policies of wartime hysteria.
Families were torn apart, livelihoods destroyed, and communities shattered. Many of the internees endured years of confinement in barbed-wire camps, deprived of their rights, dignity, and personal freedom. Their only crime was their ancestry, and this chapter remains one of the darkest moments in American history.

Honouliuli National Monument stands as a solemn reminder of this troubling period. Located near Waipahu on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, this former internment and prisoner-of-war (POW) camp sheds light on the injustices faced by Japanese Americans and the broader impact of World War II internment policies.
On February 24, 2015, President Barack Obama officially designated Honouliuli as a national monument to ensure that the stories of those unjustly incarcerated would not be forgotten. This site, once hidden within Oahu’s lush landscape, now serves as an educational landmark dedicated to preserving the memories of its internees and prisoners.

Honouliuli covered 160 acres and was enclosed by barbed-wire fencing, featuring 175 buildings, 14 guard towers, and 400 tents. Though initially intended to house internees, it later became a prisoner-of-war camp for over 4,000 POWs from both the Pacific and European Theaters. Despite its large size, the overcrowded conditions and lack of proper sanitation created a harsh and challenging environment for those held within its confines.
The camp’s design physically separated Japanese-American internees from POWs, with an aqueduct serving as a dividing boundary. This segregation reflected the complex and often contradictory policies of the U.S. government, which viewed its own citizens with the same suspicion as enemy combatants captured during wartime.

For decades, Honouliuli remained an overlooked and largely forgotten site, hidden beneath overgrown vegetation. However, extensive research and excavation efforts have helped uncover its historical significance. The National Park Service has been actively working to transform Honouliuli into an accessible public monument that educates visitors about the internment of Japanese Americans and the broader implications of wartime civil rights violations.
Although the process of developing the monument has been long and complex, ongoing preservation efforts aim to ensure that future generations understand the consequences of wartime prejudice and the importance of protecting civil liberties. Artifacts, historical structures, and personal accounts from former internees will serve as key exhibits once the monument is fully open to the public.

Honouliuli National Monument stands as more than just a historic site; it is a testament to resilience, injustice, and the enduring fight for civil rights. By preserving and sharing the stories of those who suffered within its walls, the monument reminds us of the consequences of fear-driven policies and the importance of standing against discrimination.
As visitors walk through this somber place, they are encouraged to reflect on the mistakes of the past, ensuring that such injustices are never repeated. Honouliuli serves as a powerful symbol of remembrance, urging us to uphold the principles of justice, equality, and human dignity in times of uncertainty.

Learning Pearl Harbor: What Is a Submarine? The history of submarines stretches back centuries, but it was during World War I that they became a defining element of naval warfare. In both World War I and World War II, submarines had a major impact, particularly in the Atlantic, where German U-Boats inflicted devastating losses on Allied shipping. While the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, was primarily an aerial assault, submarines—specifically Japanese midget subs—also played a role, albeit an ineffective one.
The evolution of submarines from primitive submersibles to advanced nuclear-powered vessels highlights their significance in naval history. Today, submarines remain a crucial part of modern naval fleets worldwide.

The concept of underwater navigation has fascinated inventors for centuries. Although the first known functional submarine was created in 1620 by Dutch engineer Cornelis Drebbel, the idea had been explored earlier. English mathematician William Bourne first described a submarine design in 1578, followed by Scottish mathematician John Napier in 1596. However, it was Drebbel who successfully built an oar-powered submersible, laying the foundation for future innovations.
By the mid-18th century, England had issued multiple patents for submersible vessels. Among the pioneers of this period were Nathaniel Symons, Giovanni Broelli, and David Bushnell. Bushnell, an American inventor, created the Turtle, the first military submarine, which attempted to attack British ships during the American Revolutionary War.
The first recorded instance of a submarine successfully engaging an enemy vessel occurred in 1864 when the Confederate submarine H. L. Hunley sank the USS Housatonic. This marked the beginning of submarines as a formidable force in naval warfare. Over time, propulsion methods evolved from hand-cranked systems to compressed air and steam power. By the 1880s, innovators such as Spain’s Isaac Peral y Caballero, France’s Gustave Zédé, and England’s James Franklin Waddington developed the first electrically powered submarines, setting the standard for future designs.

While submarines had been conceptualized and tested for centuries, it wasn’t until the early 1900s that they became practical for widespread naval use. Major advancements included diesel-electric propulsion and the integration of the periscope, allowing for greater stealth and efficiency.

By the onset of World War I, submarines had proven their value in combat. The German U-Boats emerged as a formidable threat, sinking over 11 million tons of Allied shipping. One of the most infamous attacks was the sinking of the RMS Lusitania in 1915, which played a role in drawing the United States into the war. The impact of U-Boats showcased the lethal effectiveness of submarine warfare.

Submarines played an even greater role during World War II. The German U-Boats continued their dominance in the Atlantic, while Japan expanded its submarine fleet in the Pacific. A unique addition to the Imperial Japanese Navy was the midget submarine, a small submersible that aimed to launch surprise attacks in enemy harbors.

One of the earliest uses of midget submarines occurred during the attack on Pearl Harbor. As part of Japan’s strategy, five Type A Ko-hyoteki-class midget submarines were deployed to infiltrate the harbor undetected. However, their mission failed. The USS Ward (DD-139), an American destroyer patrolling the harbor entrance, detected and sank one of the submarines before the aerial attack even began. None of the five submarines achieved their objectives or survived the assault.
Despite the failure of the midget subs at Pearl Harbor, similar small submarines were later employed by Britain and Germany, proving to be more effective in other operations.

After World War II, submarines underwent rapid technological advancements. The introduction of nuclear propulsion revolutionized submarine capabilities, allowing vessels to remain submerged for extended periods without surfacing for air.

The Cold War era saw the transformation of submarines into powerful strategic assets. The USS Tunny (SS-282) and USS Barbero (SS-317) were among the first submarines converted to carry cruise missiles, introducing a new level of naval warfare. By 1959, ballistic missile submarines (SSBNs) were deployed by both the United States and the Soviet Union, escalating tensions between the two superpowers.
During this period, submarines engaged in high-stakes cat-and-mouse games beneath the ocean, often shadowing enemy vessels in an ongoing battle of stealth and strategy. The presence of nuclear-armed submarines served as a deterrent, ensuring that any conflict between major powers would have devastating consequences.

While submarines are primarily associated with naval warfare, their applications have expanded into civilian use. One of the first submarines designed for tourism was the Auguste Piccard (PX-8), launched in Switzerland in 1964. By 1997, approximately 45 tourist submarines were in operation worldwide, offering deep-sea exploration experiences to civilians.
In recent years, narco-submarines have become a growing concern, particularly in drug smuggling operations. These low-profile, custom-built submersibles are used by cartels to transport illicit substances across international waters, evading detection by law enforcement agencies.

Modern military submarines continue to evolve, incorporating cutting-edge technology such as autonomous systems, AI-powered sonar, and advanced stealth features. The transition from diesel-electric to nuclear-powered submarines has enabled larger vessels to operate underwater indefinitely, significantly enhancing their strategic capabilities.
From their humble beginnings as wooden submersibles to today’s nuclear-powered giants, submarines have become an indispensable part of naval warfare and oceanic exploration. Their role in history, from the midget subs of Pearl Harbor to the Cold War’s nuclear deterrents, highlights their enduring significance in global security and maritime strategy. As technology continues to advance, the next generation of submarines will push the boundaries of what is possible beneath the waves.

American sports during World War II played a crucial role in maintaining morale and unity in a time of global conflict. Sports have always been a defining part of American culture, bringing people together and offering an escape from everyday struggles. From baseball and football to boxing and horse racing, millions of Americans found joy in their favorite pastimes. However, everything changed on December 7, 1941, when Japan launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor. Suddenly, the future of American sports became uncertain. With a nation at war, could America afford to focus on games, or would the war effort require full attention and sacrifice?

By early 1942, it was clear that sports would not remain untouched by the war. The military draft had begun in 1940, calling upon men between 18 and 35 to serve. This age range included the best athletes in professional sports, leading to a major dilemma: should American leagues continue while so many young men were being sent to battle? Baseball Commissioner Judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis sought guidance from President Franklin D. Roosevelt on whether Major League Baseball (MLB) should suspend operations. Roosevelt’s famous “Green Light Letter” encouraged baseball to continue, emphasizing its importance in keeping morale high on the home front. However, with thousands of players being drafted, the leagues faced a severe shortage of talent.
Other sports were also affected. Automobile and motorcycle racing came to a halt due to gas and rubber rationing, as these resources were redirected toward the war effort. While some sports found ways to continue, others had no choice but to pause until the war ended.

With many male athletes fighting overseas, women stepped up to fill the void in sports, just as they did in the workforce. In 1943, Philip K. Wrigley, owner of the Chicago Cubs, founded the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (AAGPBL). This league allowed women to showcase their talent and keep baseball alive during the war. The game underwent some modifications, including a smaller field and different pitching styles, but the competitive spirit remained strong.
Dottie Schroeder, one of the league’s most famous players, became a household name. Women’s baseball provided entertainment for war-weary Americans and proved that female athletes could excel in professional sports. However, just as women were encouraged to leave their wartime jobs once men returned from service, the league eventually dissolved in 1954 as men reclaimed their spots in professional baseball.

Football was another sport deeply affected by the war. College football programs across the country suffered as thousands of young men enlisted or were drafted. More than 350 universities suspended football operations. The Rose Bowl, one of the most prestigious college football games, had to be relocated from Pasadena, California, to Durham, North Carolina, in 1942 due to fears of a Japanese attack on the West Coast. That year, Oregon State defeated Duke 20–16 in a historic matchup.
The National Football League (NFL) faced similar struggles. Over 1,000 players, coaches, and officials left to serve in the armed forces, leaving teams with too few players to compete. To address this, some teams merged for survival. The Pittsburgh Steelers and Philadelphia Eagles combined to form the “Steagles” for the 1943 season. The following year, the Steelers partnered with the Chicago Cardinals to form “Card-Pitt.” These temporary teams allowed professional football to continue, providing entertainment and a sense of normalcy amid the war.

Among the many athletes who traded their jerseys for uniforms, Jack Lummus stands out as a true American hero. A former New York Giants player, Lummus enlisted in the Marine Corps and fought in the Pacific Theater. During the Battle of Iwo Jima in 1945, he led his men through intense combat, disabling enemy machine-gun nests despite sustaining severe injuries. After stepping on a landmine that cost him both legs, he continued to encourage his men to press forward. Lummus succumbed to his injuries but was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his bravery and sacrifice.
His story is just one of many that highlight how professional athletes transitioned from sports icons to war heroes. These men demonstrated the same discipline, teamwork, and perseverance on the battlefield that had made them successful on the playing field.

As the war came to an end in 1945, American sports slowly regained their pre-war prominence. The return of baseball, football, and other beloved pastimes symbolized the resilience of the nation. While thousands of athletes never returned home, their sacrifices were honored through the continuation of the games they once played.
The impact of World War II on American sports was profound. From women stepping into the spotlight in baseball to teams merging in professional football, sports adapted to the challenges of wartime America. When Japan surrendered, and peace was restored, the revival of sports helped unify a nation that had endured great loss and hardship. Today, the stories of athletes-turned-soldiers like Jack Lummus serve as powerful reminders of the intersection between sports and patriotism during one of history’s most turbulent times.

The attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, stands as one of the most strategically calculated assaults in military history. While Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto is often regarded as the mastermind behind the attack, he was far from the only person involved in its planning. A key figure in the attack’s success was Captain Minoru Genda, an astute strategist whose innovative ideas contributed significantly to the execution of the strike on the U.S. naval base at Oahu.

Minoru Genda was born in 1904 in the Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan, into a farming family. His passion for aviation led him to the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy in 1924, where he began to hone his military career. By 1928, Genda was ready for flight training, which he completed with flying colors, graduating with honors.

His proficiency in the cockpit quickly caught the attention of his superiors. By 1931, he was assigned to the aircraft carrier Akagi, and just a year later, Genda created a demonstration squadron as part of a public relations initiative to promote naval aviation. This team, nicknamed “Genda’s Flying Circus,” showcased the capabilities of the Nakajima A2N Type 90 fighters, and helped establish Genda’s reputation as a skilled and forward-thinking aviator.

In the years that followed, Genda continued to rise through the ranks. His experience in combat during the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937 and his subsequent role as a senior flight instructor for the Yokosuka Air Group further cemented his place as a respected leader in Japan’s naval aviation community.

Captain Genda was not just a skilled pilot but also a visionary strategist. He strongly believed that air power would be the key to future naval warfare. While many naval officers favored constructing battleships, Genda lobbied for a shift in focus to aircraft carriers, submarines, and destroyers. He saw the potential of mass air raids launched from several aircraft carriers, which was a departure from the more traditional thinking of the time.

Though Genda’s ideas were ahead of their time, they were largely ignored by senior military officials due to his relatively low rank. However, as tensions with the United States and Great Britain escalated, his ideas would soon gain traction and prove invaluable.

By the summer of 1940, Japan’s military leadership was beginning to consider a more aggressive stance toward the United States. Admiral Yamamoto had begun contemplating an attack on Pearl Harbor, but he needed expert advice on how to carry out the operation. This is where Genda’s expertise became crucial.

In 1940, Genda was sent abroad to observe the aerial battles of the Battle of Britain. His analysis revealed that Japan’s A6M Zero fighter was superior to both British and German aircraft, especially in terms of maneuverability. With this insight, Genda returned to Japan, where he was assigned to the First Carrier Division.

In February 1941, Yamamoto approached Genda to discuss options for attacking Pearl Harbor. Genda suggested a three-wave attack launched from six aircraft carriers. He also emphasized the importance of secrecy in order to achieve maximum surprise. His recommendation of a three-wave assault, with multiple carriers coordinating their efforts, became a critical component of the final attack plan. Genda’s involvement didn’t stop there. He also played a key role in training pilots for the attack and innovating new methods to utilize torpedoes, which were modified to work in the shallow waters of Pearl Harbor.

On the morning of December 7, 1941, the Japanese launched their surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, and Genda’s strategic vision was fully realized. The three-wave attack caused massive destruction to the U.S. Pacific Fleet, with battleships and aircraft severely damaged or destroyed. Genda’s foresight, which had emphasized air superiority and coordination, proved to be the backbone of the operation’s success.

Captain Mitsuo Fuchida, a key figure in the attack, was selected to lead the raid—another decision influenced by Genda’s recommendations. Fuchida’s leadership during the attack demonstrated the effectiveness of Genda’s strategies, and the raid remains one of the most successful and shocking attacks in military history.

Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, Genda continued to serve with distinction during the Pacific War. He fought in several important battles, including the Battle of Midway, where he was aboard the Akagi when it was sunk by American forces. Despite the defeat, Genda’s survival and continued efforts showcased his resilience.

In the years leading up to Japan’s surrender, Genda organized an elite air unit, the 343rd Kokutai, and pushed for continued resistance against the Americans, maintaining that Japan’s aircraft were still superior. However, with Japan’s defeat imminent, Genda retired from active duty in 1962.

After leaving the military, Genda shifted his focus to politics, where he was elected to Japan’s House of Councillors, the upper chamber of its legislature. His political career marked a shift from military strategy to shaping Japan’s post-war future.

Minoru Genda passed away on August 15, 1989, exactly 44 years after Japan’s surrender in World War II, leaving behind a legacy of military innovation and strategic thinking that played a pivotal role in shaping the events of Pearl Harbor and the Pacific War.

Minoru Genda’s role in the attack on Pearl Harbor is often overshadowed by the broader narrative of World War II, but his contributions were critical to its success. His innovative strategies in naval air power, his foresight in advocating for aircraft carriers, and his pivotal involvement in the planning and execution of the attack made him one of Japan’s most influential military figures. Genda’s legacy continues to be remembered for his strategic brilliance and his role in one of the most pivotal moments of the 20th century.

It’s been over 76 years since Navy Seaman 1st Class James Solomon lost his life during the devastating attack on Pearl Harbor. A native of North Texas, Solomon was serving aboard the USS Oklahoma (BB-37), moored at Battleship Row on December 7, 1941. As Japanese bombers and fighters descended on the harbor, the lives of over 2,400 Americans were forever changed. Tragically, Solomon’s life was among those cut short, and for more than seven decades, his family sought closure.

On that fateful morning, Solomon, like so many others, was performing his regular duties aboard the USS Oklahoma. As the attack unfolded, the battleship was struck by multiple torpedoes, leading it to capsize and sink. Many sailors aboard were lost, including Solomon, whose fate remained uncertain. After the attack, while some sailors were identified and recovered, Solomon’s remains, along with many others, were deemed unrecognizable due to the brutal nature of the incident. The news was devastating to his family, especially his mother, Bonnie Solomon, who could never fully mourn her son.

James Solomon’s family received official word in early 1942, with a telegram stating that he had been killed in action. However, this official notice came months after his initial disappearance, and his family never received the full closure they needed. The painful uncertainty persisted for decades. Despite the tragedy, the men of the USS Oklahoma and their families held on to hope, waiting for the day when they could finally bring their loved ones home.

In 2015, the Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency (DPAA) launched a groundbreaking initiative to identify the lost sailors of the USS Oklahoma using advanced DNA technology. This effort has resulted in more than 100 successful identifications of sailors who died in the attack. James Solomon became one of the fortunate few to be identified, thanks to this diligent work and the dedication of his descendants.

Solomon’s family was contacted in 2015 when the DPAA began its search for the lost sailors. The agency requested DNA samples from relatives to help match the remains, and several family members—including two of Solomon’s nieces—provided samples. After years of painstaking research, the call came in September 2017: James Solomon’s remains had been identified. For his relatives, the announcement brought relief and sorrow in equal measure. The family could finally bring their loved one home after nearly 77 years of waiting.

Solomon’s identification was a monumental achievement, but it also marked the end of a long and emotional journey for his family. Hardy Seay, a relative involved in the identification process, was only a child when Solomon left for the Navy. However, he grew up hearing stories of his bravery from his mother Pauline and Bonnie Solomon. “It certainly surprised me to get that call,” Seay recalls. “I thought he may be identified, but probably not in my lifetime.”

On July 14, 2018, James Solomon was finally laid to rest in Forestburg, Texas, the town he had left behind all those years ago. He was honored with a funeral service featuring full military honors, providing the family with the long-awaited closure they had sought for nearly eight decades. Though Solomon was not able to return to his hometown alive, his spirit and sacrifice live on in the hearts of his family and the nation.

The identification and return of James Solomon’s remains is a powerful reminder of the sacrifices made during the attack on Pearl Harbor. The USS Oklahoma lost 429 sailors and Marines, many of whom remained unidentified for decades. The ongoing efforts by the DPAA to identify and bring home these heroes show the nation’s unwavering commitment to honoring those who gave their lives in service to the country.

For those interested in learning more about Pearl Harbor and the remarkable efforts to identify the lost sailors, the legacy of James Solomon and his fellow service members continues to inspire. Their stories of sacrifice, bravery, and perseverance highlight the strength of the human spirit, ensuring that their memories are never forgotten.

James Solomon’s story is just one of many that have surfaced in the aftermath of the attack on Pearl Harbor. His identification and return home symbolize the enduring effort to honor those who made the ultimate sacrifice. The continued work of the Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency ensures that heroes like Solomon are remembered, and their families are given the closure they deserve.

As we remember the lives lost during the Pearl Harbor attack, let us also celebrate the recovery of these heroes and honor their legacy by telling their stories and preserving their memory for generations to come.

Football and Pearl Harbor may seem like two unrelated topics, but on December 7, 1941, as the Japanese launched a surprise attack on the U.S. naval base in Hawaii, a football game was unfolding on the East Coast, seemingly untouched by the unfolding tragedy. While thousands of servicemen fought for their lives amidst chaos and destruction, sports fans and players at the Polo Grounds in New York remained largely unaware of the nation-changing events taking place in the Pacific.

On that fateful Sunday afternoon, a highly anticipated NFL matchup between the New York Giants and the Brooklyn Dodgers was taking place. It was a critical game in the football season, drawing thousands of eager spectators. At the time, communication technology was vastly different from today—there were no smartphones, social media, or instant news alerts. Because of this, most of the crowd and even the players were oblivious to the attack that had begun earlier that morning in Hawaii.

The game kicked off at approximately 1 PM Eastern Time, about an hour before the first bombs dropped on Pearl Harbor. As fans cheered on their teams, across the Pacific, the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service had launched a devastating assault on the U.S. Pacific Fleet. The attack crippled battleships, destroyed aircraft, and led to the loss of thousands of American lives, marking the country’s forced entry into World War II. Yet, in New York, the game continued uninterrupted.

It wasn’t until halftime that whispers of an attack began to circulate among the audience and players. Some attendees later recalled hearing vague announcements over the stadium’s public address system. However, most game-goers remained in the dark, focused on the intense matchup rather than the tragedy unfolding thousands of miles away.

For those listening to the game on the radio, however, the experience was different. At approximately 2:26 PM Eastern Time (8:26 AM in Hawaii), the broadcast was suddenly interrupted by a breaking news bulletin from the United Press. The brief but chilling announcement stated:

“We interrupt this broadcast to bring you this important bulletin from the United Press. Flash, Washington—the White House announces Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Stay tuned to WOR for further developments which will be broadcast as received.”

For many Americans, this was the first they heard of the attack. At nearly the same time, another cryptic radio announcement requested a Col. William Donovan to contact his office in Washington. Donovan, who would later head the Office of Strategic Services (the precursor to the CIA), was among the first officials to be alerted to the attack’s significance.

Despite the shocking news, the game continued. There were no official announcements made at the stadium until after the final whistle, and the players pushed through, unaware of the gravity of what was happening overseas. When the game concluded, the Brooklyn Dodgers defeated the New York Giants 21-7. The next day, newspapers that traditionally covered sports stories were forced to push the game aside, shifting their focus entirely to the Pearl Harbor attack and its repercussions.

Although the game itself was an important moment in the NFL season, it became a mere footnote in history compared to the catastrophic events of that day. December 7, 1941, became a day that would “live in infamy,” as President Franklin D. Roosevelt later described it. The attack led to the United States’ immediate entry into World War II, forever altering the course of history.

The Polo Grounds game is a reminder of how life can change in an instant. What began as an ordinary Sunday filled with football and excitement quickly turned into one of the darkest days in American history. Though those at the game were initially unaware, their lives—along with the lives of every American—would soon be impacted by the war that followed.

The connection between football and Pearl Harbor is an unexpected but powerful one. It serves as a stark contrast between everyday life and the realities of global conflict. Today, we look back at that moment and recognize how swiftly the world can change. Football, a beloved pastime, continued even as the nation faced an unprecedented attack, symbolizing both normalcy and the resilience of the American spirit.

While sports and entertainment provide an escape, history reminds us that some events are too monumental to ignore. The bombing of Pearl Harbor ended an era of American isolation and ushered in a period of unity, sacrifice, and determination—qualities that, in many ways, are also celebrated on the football field.

As we remember the events of December 7, 1941, we reflect not only on the game that played on unaware but also on the courage and strength of those who fought, both on the battlefield and beyond. Pearl Harbor changed America forever, and even a football game couldn’t stop the inevitable shift that followed.

Ships of Pearl Harbor: USS Tangier holds a unique place in naval history, playing a crucial role during the infamous attack on December 7, 1941. Originally built as a cargo ship for the United States Maritime Commission in 1939, she was later converted into a seaplane tender and commissioned into the U.S. Navy as USS Tangier (AV-8) on August 25, 1941.

After completing her shakedown cruise, Tangier was assigned to Patrol Wing 2 in Hawaii. Arriving in Pearl Harbor just over a month before the attack, she was moored astern of USS Utah (BB-31/AG-16). Unbeknownst to her crew, they were about to witness one of the most devastating moments in American history.

On the morning of December 7, 1941, USS Tangier was still stationed near Utah when the first wave of Japanese aircraft descended upon Pearl Harbor. The Utah, having been converted from a battleship to a target ship, quickly took heavy torpedo damage and capsized. Despite the chaos, Tangier miraculously remained unharmed.

Within minutes of the first explosions, Tangier’s crew was ordered to general quarters. Her gunners sprang into action, firing at the incoming aircraft with precision. By the end of the attack, they had successfully downed three enemy planes and helped neutralize a Japanese midget submarine that had infiltrated the harbor.

During the battle, one of Tangier’s PBY-5 Catalina seaplanes was on a search mission when it encountered nine Japanese Mitsubishi Zero fighters. Despite being outmatched, the Catalina’s pilot skillfully maneuvered the aircraft and managed to land safely, evading destruction. Once the attack subsided, Tangier’s crew focused on rescue efforts, assisting survivors from the doomed Utah.

In the immediate aftermath of Pearl Harbor, Japan set its sights on Wake Island. Tangier was loaded with crucial supplies and ammunition and joined a relief convoy led by the aircraft carrier USS Saratoga (CV-3). However, before they could reach their destination, Wake Island’s defenders were overwhelmed, forcing Tangier and her fleet to return to Oahu.

Following this mission, USS Tangier was deployed to New Caledonia, where she replaced USS Curtiss (AV-4) as the primary seaplane tender for six PBY Catalinas.

These aircraft played a vital role in conducting long-range reconnaissance missions over the Pacific. As the Battle of the Coral Sea loomed, Tangier received six additional seaplanes to bolster U.S. search capabilities.

Although Tangier’s aircraft did not directly engage Japanese forces during the battle, they played a crucial role in search and rescue efforts. Following the sinking of USS Sims (DD-409) and USS Neosho (AO-23) due to mistaken Japanese attacks, Tangier’s crew worked tirelessly to recover survivors. After completing this operation, Tangier resumed her reconnaissance duties until Curtiss relieved her on June 20, 1942. She then returned to the U.S. West Coast for an extensive overhaul that lasted until early 1943.

For the remainder of 1943, USS Tangier played a logistical role, transporting essential equipment between the U.S. mainland and Espiritu Santo. Later that year, she completed multiple voyages between Pearl Harbor, American Samoa, and San Diego before undergoing another overhaul in November. This maintenance period lasted until February 21, 1944, after which Tangier resumed operations, traveling to Brisbane, Australia.

After a brief stay in Brisbane, she was reassigned to New Guinea, where she provided critical support for General Douglas MacArthur’s forces. On September 21, 1944, Tangier supported the invasion of Morotai, ensuring U.S. forces had the aerial capabilities needed for success.

While Tangier did not participate in direct combat, her contribution to World War II was invaluable. As a seaplane tender, she played a key role in long-range reconnaissance and search missions, which were instrumental in tracking enemy movements and supporting Allied operations.

With the war drawing to a close, USS Tangier continued her service until March 22, 1946, when she sailed back to the United States. She made a brief stop at Pearl Harbor before proceeding to Philadelphia for decommissioning. On June 1, 1961, after two decades of dedicated service, USS Tangier was officially removed from the Naval Vessel Register.

Though often overshadowed by larger warships, USS Tangier’s resilience and contributions during and after the attack on Pearl Harbor solidify her place in history as an essential component of the U.S. Navy’s Pacific operations. Her role in search missions, rescue operations, and wartime logistics demonstrates the vital importance of seaplane tenders in naval warfare.

Dredging up—and blowing up—Pearl Harbor’s past continues to reveal remarkable remnants of history buried beneath its waters. More than 80 years after the devastating December 7, 1941, attack that launched the United States into World War II, the harbor floor still holds secrets waiting to be uncovered. Recent dredging operations near the wrecks of USS Arizona (BB-39) and USS Utah (BB-31/AG-16) have unearthed a cache of munitions, providing a chilling reminder of the day that changed history forever.

Pearl Harbor has long been a focal point for military and historical research. Routine dredging operations ensure the harbor remains navigable, but they also serve as an unexpected means of rediscovering lost wartime artifacts. In this latest excavation, Navy contractors discovered a stockpile of munitions—a haunting reminder of the chaotic and destructive attack that left thousands dead and the Pacific Fleet in ruins.

The recovered arsenal included hand grenades, rifles, small arms ammunition, and a variety of projectiles, including 5-inch, 3-inch, and massive 11-inch shells. Experts believe these remnants were lost during the attack or submerged as sinking battleships and destroyers spilled their onboard ammunition into the harbor depths. The find is both a historical treasure and a potential hazard, leading the Navy to undertake controlled detonation procedures to safely dispose of these volatile remnants.

To ensure public safety and prevent accidental detonations, the Navy has scheduled a series of controlled explosions to dispose of the recovered ordnance. These operations, conducted over multiple days, allow specialists to neutralize the potentially dangerous materials in a safe and controlled environment.

Visitors to Pearl Harbor during these detonation events may hear popping sounds echoing through the historic waters. While these noises may be startling, they serve as a powerful reminder of the deadly force that once rained down upon this very harbor. The explosions, though now controlled, are symbolic echoes of the fateful day when battleships burned, sailors fought for survival, and a nation was forever changed.

The ammunition recently uncovered likely belonged to multiple vessels that were either sunk or severely damaged during the attack. Battleships like USS Arizona, USS Oklahoma (BB-37), USS California (BB-44), and USS West Virginia (BB-48) suffered direct hits from torpedoes and aerial bombs, leading to massive onboard detonations and fires. As these vessels sank, their stored munitions either detonated in place or settled on the harbor floor, buried under layers of silt and debris for decades.

USS Arizona, now a national memorial, remains one of the most enduring symbols of the attack. Her wreckage still leaks oil—known as the “tears of the Arizona”—and serves as a final resting place for over 1,100 sailors and Marines who perished aboard. The latest discoveries near her wreckage serve as another piece of the puzzle in understanding the battle’s immediate and long-term impact.

While many of the munitions found are linked to the 1941 attack, some have been traced back to another Pearl Harbor disaster—the lesser-known West Loch explosion of May 21, 1944. During World War II, West Loch served as a staging area for LST (Landing Ship, Tank) vessels preparing for the invasion of Saipan. On that fateful day, an explosion aboard LST-353 triggered a catastrophic chain reaction, sinking six LSTs and killing hundreds of sailors and Marines.

The blast scattered munitions across the harbor, adding another layer to Pearl Harbor’s history of destruction and tragedy. As dredging efforts continue, more artifacts from both the 1941 attack and the 1944 disaster may come to light, shedding new insights into these pivotal moments in history.

With each new dredging operation, Pearl Harbor continues to reveal long-buried pieces of its past. The harbor floor remains a vast and largely unexplored time capsule, preserving remnants of one of the most infamous days in American history. Future dredging projects will likely uncover more wartime artifacts, offering historians and military experts invaluable opportunities to study and preserve these relics.

For visitors to Pearl Harbor today, these discoveries serve as a powerful reminder of the sacrifices made and the resilience of a nation that emerged from tragedy stronger than ever. As new artifacts surface, they not only enrich our understanding of history but also ensure that the stories of those who lived and died in these waters are never forgotten.

The Fate of the Captured Midget Submarine HA. 19 is a story of misfortune, survival, and an unexpected role in World War II history. In the early hours of December 7, 1941, before Japanese warplanes reached Pearl Harbor, a covert naval force was already en route to the Oahu naval base. Among them was HA. 19, a Type A Ko-hyoteki-class midget submarine launched from the Type C cruiser submarine I-24. Piloted by Ensign Kazuo Sakamaki and Chief Warrant Officer Kiyoshi Inagaki, HA. 19’s ill-fated mission began with a critical equipment failure: a broken gyrocompass.

Despite reaching the entrance of Pearl Harbor, the submarine faced navigational challenges due to the malfunctioning compass. The crew inadvertently ran aground on a reef multiple times. At approximately 8:17 AM, the destroyer USS Helm (DD-388) spotted HA. 19 and engaged. Initial shots missed but inadvertently freed the sub from the reef. Inagaki managed to dive and evade further attacks, but the submarine continued struggling against the underwater terrain.

Desperate attempts to infiltrate the harbor proved futile as HA. 19 repeatedly struck reefs. Eventually, depth charges disabled its torpedo launcher and periscope, forcing the crew to abandon their mission. An attempt to return to I-24 was unsuccessful, and the submarine grounded once more. With no means of escape, Sakamaki ordered the scuttling of HA. 19, but the attempt failed. While Sakamaki survived and was taken prisoner, Inagaki perished, his body washing ashore the next day.

HA. 19 was left stranded on the reef until the following day when American bombers attempted to destroy it. Though their explosives missed, the shockwaves dislodged the vessel, which later washed ashore. Once in American hands, the captured midget submarine took on an unexpected role—one that would deal a symbolic blow to Japan.

After being disassembled into three sections, HA. 19 was transported to the submarine base at Pearl Harbor for analysis. Once intelligence had gathered all necessary information, the U.S. military repurposed the submarine to aid in a national campaign: raising funds through War Bonds.

War Bonds played a crucial role in financing the United States’ war effort. Even before the attack on Pearl Harbor, President Franklin D. Roosevelt had introduced Series E Defense Bonds on May 1, 1941. The government promoted these bonds through various means, including Hollywood celebrities hosting rallies. Following the devastating attack on Pearl Harbor, HA. 19 became a striking attraction on a nationwide tour, rallying Americans to invest in the war effort.

In September 1942, the captured submarine was shipped to the mainland, placed on a flatbed trailer, and sent across the country. To enhance its appeal, the hull was modified with 22 viewing ports. Visitors could peer inside for a fee of $1, viewing two life-sized mannequins dressed in Japanese naval uniforms with “fierce samurai expressions.” This immersive display fascinated audiences and encouraged War Bond purchases wherever HA. 19 traveled.

At the beginning of 1943, after the tide of war had turned following the American victory at Midway, HA. 19 made its way through New Mexico and Texas, stopping in cities like Lordsburg, Las Cruces, El Paso, and Fort Bliss. However, its arrival in the small town of Belen, New Mexico, created an astonishing spectacle.

On January 13, 1943, HA. 19 was scheduled for a brief one-hour stop in Belen. The response was overwhelming, with an estimated 2,000 residents—out of a total population of around 8,000—gathering to see the infamous submarine. By the time HA. 19 departed, the town had raised over $3,200 in War Bond sales, an impressive contribution from a community deeply involved in the war effort.

After traveling to 2,000 cities across 41 states, HA. 19’s tour came to an end. The submarine was initially stationed at the Key West Naval Station in Florida. However, in 1991, it found a permanent home at the National Museum of the Pacific War in Fredericksburg, Texas. Today, visitors can view HA. 19 without the need to purchase a War Bond, standing as a relic of wartime innovation, misfortune, and resilience. This once-feared weapon of war now serves as a symbol of history, perseverance, and the unexpected turns of military conflict.

If you have ever explored wartime photography, you’ve likely come across breathtaking images captured from above. In today’s world, snapping aerial photos is effortless—lightweight drones and high-resolution cameras make it a breeze. However, before the digital era, capturing these images required ingenuity, bravery, and cutting-edge technology for the time.

The concept of aerial photography dates back to the mid-19th century when French photographer Gaspard-Felix Tournachon, professionally known as Nadar, pioneered the technique. He used hot air balloons to take the first-ever aerial images. However, it wasn’t until World War I that aerial photography became a crucial tool for military intelligence, reconnaissance, and battlefield strategy.

By World War II, aerial photography had become an essential aspect of military operations. It was widely used across all battlefronts to capture reconnaissance images, assess enemy positions, and document critical events. One of the most striking instances of aerial photography from this period is the attack on Pearl Harbor. Thanks to Army Air Forces Staff Sergeant Lee Embree, we have some of the most iconic images of that fateful day.

On December 7, 1941, Lee Embree found himself in a unique position. Flying in from the West Coast aboard a B-17 Flying Fortress, he was thrust into the chaos of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Though shocked by the unfolding devastation, Embree instinctively knew he had a job to do.

The B-17 he was flying in had an open gunner’s window—typically used for mounting a machine gun. However, since the aircraft was unarmed to extend its range, Embree saw an opportunity. He leaned out of the opening with his Speed Graphic camera and captured the first aerial photographs of the attack. His images would go on to become historic documentation of the tragic assault on Pearl Harbor.

Before the advent of modern technology, aerial photography was an arduous task. Photographers used bulky cameras such as the Fairchild K-17, manually operating them under extreme conditions. Many times, photographers would have to lean out of the aircraft, exposing themselves to the elements and potential enemy fire.

For aircraft like the Douglas SBD Dauntless dive bomber, the rear gunner’s position was often used for photography instead of combat. The challenge was even greater when capturing images over enemy territory, where leaning out of the aircraft would be far too dangerous.

Recognizing the importance of aerial photography, military forces began modifying aircraft specifically for reconnaissance missions. Some planes, like the Lockheed P-38 Lightning, had their machine guns removed and were equipped with high-resolution cameras instead. The reconnaissance version of the P-38, known as the Lockheed F-5, was capable of carrying multiple cameras, allowing for detailed surveillance images.

Because cameras were significantly lighter than weapons and ammunition, reconnaissance planes could fly faster than traditional fighter planes, making them ideal for gathering intelligence. These aircraft played a vital role in strategic planning throughout World War II.

Aerial photography revolutionized military strategy and intelligence gathering. It provided commanders with critical visual data, influenced battle plans, and documented history as it unfolded. Lee Embree’s photographs of Pearl Harbor stand as a testament to the bravery and resourcefulness of wartime photographers.

Today, aerial photography continues to play a vital role in military operations, journalism, and historical documentation. While modern drones and satellite imaging have taken the practice to new heights, the legacy of pioneers like Lee Embree will never be forgotten.

Aerial photography during wartime wasn’t just about capturing images—it was about documenting history in the making, shaping military strategy, and preserving the truth of what happened on the battlefield.