The concept of Japanese midget submarines, specifically the Type A Ko-hyoteki-class used during the attack on Pearl Harbor, represented a unique and innovative approach to naval warfare during World War II. Introduced by the Imperial Japanese Navy, these compact submarines were designed with the aim of executing surprise and covert attacks, showcasing a distinctive strategy in naval operations. The miniature size, carried by larger submarines, allowed for stealthy deployment, making them well-suited for clandestine missions. Their primary mission during the Pearl Harbor attack reflected a bold attempt to incapacitate powerful American battleships, marking a notable chapter in the history of submarine warfare. The design and deployment of these midget submarines demonstrated Japan’s willingness to explore unconventional tactics, even if their overall success was limited.

The primary mission of the Japanese midget submarines during the attack on Pearl Harbor was to target and sink American battleships, particularly the large and powerful ones, as part of the broader surprise assault. The submarines were meant to enter Pearl Harbor ahead of the main aerial attack force, approach the battleships, and launch torpedoes.

Their specific targets included battleships such as USS Oklahoma, USS West Virginia, USS California, and USS Nevada. The idea was to incapacitate as much of the Pacific Fleet as possible, providing the Japanese with a strategic advantage in the early stages of World War II in the Pacific. However, the midget submarines faced various challenges, and their overall impact on the success of the Pearl Harbor attack was limited.

During the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, Japan deployed five midget submarines, intending to target American battleships. These submarines were Type A Ko-hyoteki-class and were carried by larger I-class submarines.

One midget submarine, known as the HA-19, ran aground outside Pearl Harbor, and its crew attempted to scuttle the vessel. Another, the HA-20, fired upon and sunk. The fate of the remaining three submarines remains unclear.

The midget submarines’ impact on the overall attack was limited, as the primary damage was inflicted by aerial bombings. The midget submarine attacks, while notable, did not significantly alter the outcome of the assault on Pearl Harbor.
The Japanese midget submarines used during the attack on Pearl Harbor were Type A Ko-hyoteki-class submarines. Here are some details about their design and armament:

Design:
i. Size: These submarines were relatively small, with a length of about 78 feet (24 meters) and a beam of 6 feet (1.8 meters).
ii. Crew: Manned by a two-member crew – a pilot and a crewman.
iii. Construction: They had a cylindrical design with a conning tower, resembling a miniature version of larger submarines.

Armament:
i. Torpedoes: The primary weapon was two 18-inch (45 cm) torpedoes mounted externally on either side of the submarine. Each torpedo carried an explosive warhead.
ii. Range: The torpedoes had a relatively short range compared to larger submarine torpedoes.

The midget submarines were launched from larger I-class submarines that transported them to the vicinity of their target. Due to their size and limited capabilities, these submarines were intended for covert operations and surprise attacks rather than sustained naval engagements.

The midget submarines deployed during the attack on Pearl Harbor had limited success. Of the five midget submarines, only one, known as HA-19, managed to enter Pearl Harbor. HA-19, however, ran aground on the east side of Oahu and was subsequently captured by the Americans. Its crew attempted to scuttle the submarine, but they were taken into custody.

Another midget submarine, HA-20, was fired upon and sunk by the USS Ward. The fate of the remaining three submarines is unclear; there is speculation that they may have been sunk by defensive measures, but concrete evidence is lacking.

Overall, the midget submarines did not achieve significant success in terms of causing substantial damage to the American fleet during the attack on Pearl Harbor. The main impact of the assault came from the aerial bombings by the Japanese carrier-based aircraft.

The midget submarines were launched in the early hours of December 7, 1941, during the attack on Pearl Harbor. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor began at approximately 7:55 a.m. local time. The midget submarines were part of the initial wave of the attack, attempting to enter the harbor ahead of the main aerial assault.

The timeline is as follows:

– Launch: The larger I-class submarines carrying the midget submarines launched them before the air raid on Pearl Harbor began, likely between 3:00 a.m. and 3:30 a.m. on December 7, 1941.

– Spotted: The midget submarines were spotted in the early hours of the attack. The details of their sightings varied, with some being observed by the USS Ward before the aerial assault started, and others being detected once they were inside the harbor.

These events marked the beginning of the infamous attack on Pearl Harbor by the Imperial Japanese Navy.

The midget submarines used during the attack on Pearl Harbor, specifically the Type A Ko-hyoteki-class submarines, typically had a crew of two. The crew composition included:

I. Pilot (1st Crew Member): This crew member served as the pilot responsible for navigating the submarine and executing the mission. They were tasked with operating the controls and ensuring the successful deployment of torpedoes.

II. Crewman (2nd Crew Member): The second crew member supported the pilot and assisted in various tasks. Their responsibilities included managing equipment, communication, and overall collaboration with the pilot to carry out the mission.

These two-member crews operated in confined spaces within the midget submarines, reflecting the compact design of these vessels. The crews faced significant challenges due to the limited size and capabilities of the submarines, and their mission was part of the larger surprise attack on Pearl Harbor during World War II.

The present placement and fate of the Japanese midget submarines involved in the attack on Pearl Harbor vary for each vessel:

1. HA-19:
– Placement: Captured after running aground, HA-19 was salvaged by the U.S. Navy.

– Fate: It was later displayed as a war trophy and is currently exhibited at the National Museum of the Pacific War in Fredericksburg, Texas. The submarine serves as a historical artifact, allowing visitors to learn about the events of the attack.

2. HA-20:
– Fate: HA-20 was sunk by gunfire from the USS Ward before the attack.

– Present Placement: The wreckage of HA-20 is believed to be located off the coast of Oahu, but the exact coordinates may vary. The remnants serve as a historical reminder of the events surrounding the attack.

3. Remaining Submarines:

– Fate: The fate of the other three midget submarines (launched during the attack) remains uncertain.

– Present Placement: There is no conclusive evidence regarding the current location or condition of these submarines. Ongoing historical research and occasional discoveries of wreckage contribute to understanding the legacy of the attack on Pearl Harbor.

These details highlight the varied outcomes for each midget submarine and their significance in preserving historical context.

Significance of Japanese Midget Submarines in World War II: Stealth, Surprise, and Strategic Intent

The Japanese midget submarines, specifically the Type A Ko-hyoteki-class, held notable significance during World War II. Their unique attributes contributed to their historical importance:

i. Stealth and Covert Operations:
– The compact size and design allowed for discreet deployment, facilitating covert missions without detection.

– Carried by larger submarines, these midget submarines demonstrated an innovative approach to surprise attacks.

ii. Strategic Intent at Pearl Harbor:
– During the attack on Pearl Harbor, the midget submarines played a role in the broader strategy to incapacitate American battleships, targeting key assets in a surprise assault.

– Though their success was limited, their inclusion showcased a multi-faceted approach to achieving naval superiority.

iii. Technological Innovation:
– The development of midget submarines represented a technological innovation for the time, exploring unconventional tactics in naval warfare.

– Their design and deployment reflected a willingness to experiment with new strategies and technologies.

iv. Legacy and Historical Reminders:
– The wreckage and remnants of these submarines, particularly HA-19, serve as tangible historical artifacts, preserving the memory of the events at Pearl Harbor.

– Ongoing research and occasional discoveries contribute to understanding the impact of these submarines on naval history.

In summary, the Japanese midget submarines held significance not only for their role in specific wartime operations but also for their representation of innovative thinking and the evolving nature of naval warfare during World War II.

The attack on Pearl Harbor and the use of Japanese midget submarines prompted the United States to enhance anti-submarine warfare capabilities, investing in advanced sonar systems and more effective depth charges. Submarine technology also underwent significant evolution, with improvements in offensive and defensive capabilities. Naval intelligence and surveillance were heightened to prioritize early detection, and strategic adaptations were made to anticipate and counter surprise attacks. While it’s challenging to directly attribute specific developments solely to the inspiration from the midget submarine attack, these lessons contributed to a broader evolution in naval strategy and technology during and after World War II.

In the annals of history, the U.S.S. Arizona stands as an enduring symbol of sacrifice, its hallowed decks witnessing the brave souls who perished during the infamous Pearl Harbor attack on December 7, 1941. Yet, for too long, a significant chapter of this battleship’s legacy remained obscured – the fate of the unrecovered crew members, marked as “unknown” and laid to rest miles away from the iconic vessel.

Enter “Operation 85,” a poignant endeavor spearheaded by Kevin Kline, the Executive Director and great-nephew of GM2c Robert Edwin Kline USN, a hero lost on that fateful day. This mission carries a profound mission: to identify, through DNA, the U.S.S. Arizona crew members interred at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific in Honolulu, Hi.

In a heartfelt letter, Kevin Kline extends a call for help, illuminating the urgency of this cause. The prevailing misconception that all unrecovered crew members rest beneath the Arizona Memorial is dispelled. Communal graves, marked simply as “Unknown USS Arizona,” hold the untold stories of these American heroes.

Collaborating with entities like the DPAA, National Park Service, US Navy & Marine Corps Casualty Office, and the Armed Forces Medical Examiner’s System, “Operation 85” is a testament to community-driven initiatives. However, the success of outreach and awareness crucially hinges on family members coming forward to provide DNA samples.

The significance of family assistance is underscored; it is the key to unlocking the fate of 1072 unrecovered U.S.S. Arizona crew members. “Operation 85” urges families to contribute to the identification process, bringing an end to the era of “unknown” and bestowing the recognition these heroes deserve.

The mission’s “85 on the 85th” goal sets a timeline to acquire the required DNA samples, pushing for a monumental announcement by or before the 85th anniversary of the Pearl Harbor attack in 2026. “Operation 85” emphasizes that family members are crucial to achieving this goal, urging them to provide DNA samples and become an integral part of bringing these unknowns home.

In a rallying call, Kevin Kline urges not just families but everyone to support this mission. Whether through sharing the website on social media, spreading awareness, or purchasing merchandise, every effort contributes to uncovering the untold stories of the U.S.S. Arizona crew members.

“Bringing Heroes Home: Operation 85’s Quest for Recognition and Closure” is a collective journey towards honoring the fallen and rewriting a chapter in history that has long been overdue.

The significance of Operation 85 lies in its commitment to honoring the memory of USS Arizona service members who perished in the Pearl Harbor attack of 1941. Here are key aspects of its significance:

1. Closure for Families: Operation 85 provides an opportunity for families of unrecovered service members to obtain closure. The identification process through DNA technology allows families to finally lay their loved ones to rest with the dignity they deserve.

2. Historical Recognition: By identifying and honoring the fallen, Operation 85 contributes to preserving the historical significance of the Pearl Harbor attack. It ensures that the sacrifices made by those aboard the USS Arizona are remembered and recognized for future generations.

3. Advancements in DNA Technology: The operation showcases the advancements in DNA technology, which were not available during the time of the attack. It highlights how scientific progress can be applied to historical cases, allowing for the resolution of long-standing mysteries.

4. Community Collaboration: Operation 85 represents a collaborative effort between civilian initiatives and government agencies like the DPAA. This community-driven approach demonstrates the collective commitment to honoring the fallen and resolving the fates of those who went down with the USS Arizona.

5. Memorialization: The identification and proper burial of unrecovered service members contribute to the memorialization of their stories. Operation 85 ensures that each individual’s sacrifice is acknowledged, fostering a sense of respect and remembrance within the wider community.

6. Timely Recognition Before Anniversary: The goal of completing the identification process before the 85th anniversary of the Pearl Harbor attack on December 7, 2026, adds a sense of urgency and significance to the operation. It aims to ensure that the fallen are recognized and remembered as a significant milestone in history.

Operation 85 is a civilian-led effort initiated by family members of unrecovered USS Arizona service members. The goal is to assist the POW/MIA Defense Agency (DPAA) in acquiring DNA samples from living family members to identify the remains of at least 85 (and possibly up to 150) service members who perished in the attack on the USS Arizona during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941.

Surviving family members have taken the initiative to form Operation 85. The organization works collaboratively with the DPAA to collect DNA samples from living relatives of unrecovered USS Arizona service members. The initiative is a response to the lack of DNA technology at the time of the attack, preventing proper identification and burial of the fallen.

The bodies of many USS Arizona service members remained in the water after the attack because the technology to recover and identify them was not available in 1941. The lack of DNA technology at that time made it challenging to conduct proper identifications, leading to the remains being buried, often commingled, in graves at the National Cemetery of the Pacific in Honolulu.

The identification procedure involves collecting DNA samples from living family members of unrecovered USS Arizona service members. Operation 85 collaborates with the DPAA, which provides DNA tests at no cost to participants. The hope is that advanced DNA technology can now provide the means to link these samples to the unidentified remains, allowing for proper identification and burial.

Identification is necessary to provide the unrecovered service members with a proper burial. The evolution of DNA technology has opened up new possibilities for identifying those who went down with the USS Arizona. The goal is to bring closure to the families and honor the fallen sailors and Marines by providing them the respect and recognition they deserve.

Honoring the fallen is crucial as it acknowledges their sacrifice and service. Operation 85 aims to complete the identification process before the 85th anniversary of the Pearl Harbor attack on December 7, 2026. Properly honoring the fallen includes providing them with a dignified burial, acknowledging their bravery, and ensuring that their stories are remembered for generations to come.

Families of fallen USS Arizona service members play a vital role in Operation 85. They are encouraged to participate by providing DNA samples, and contributing to the efforts to identify their relatives. This collaborative effort helps bring closure to the families and ensures that the memory of their loved ones is preserved with the respect they deserve.

On December 7th, 1941, amidst the chaos of the Pearl Harbor attack, on the tiny Hawaiian island called Niihau Island, a bizarre drama unfolded. Unaware of the wider conflict, its residents welcomed a crash-landed Japanese pilot, Shigenori Nishikaichi, with hospitality. Little did they know, they’d stumbled upon an enemy soldier. As night fell, news of Pearl Harbor shattered their peaceful world. Fear replaced trust, igniting a tense standoff. Nishikaichi, desperate to rejoin his forces, attempted manipulation and violence, culminating in a daring act of resistance by the islanders. This forgotten tale of bravery and unlikely heroes offers a unique perspective on the human cost of war, even on seemingly untouched shores.

Decades of rising tensions fueled the Pearl Harbor attack. Japan’s aggression in China clashed with US interests, leading to sanctions and freezing of assets. As Japan allied with Germany and Italy, the US bolstered China and the Philippines. Negotiations faltered, and by late 1941, Japan prepared a surprise attack to cripple the US Pacific Fleet, opening the door for Pacific domination.

Tucked away northwest of Kauai lies Niihau, a jewel box of an island cloaked in mystery and tradition. With a population hovering around 200, it’s not just the smallest inhabited Hawaiian island, but also one fiercely protective of its privacy, earning it the nickname “The Forbidden Island.”Imagine arid landscapes dotted with verdant oases, echoing with chants under starry skies, and where intricate shell leis tell stories whispered through generations. This is Niihau, a place where isolation has nurtured a unique cultural haven, far removed from the bustling tourist scene. This idyllic setting was the scene of an incident that occurred just after the Pearl Harbor Attack.

On December 7, 1941, a quiet Sunday morning in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, shattered into a day of infamy. Under a shroud of secrecy, the Japanese Imperial Navy launched a surprise attack, unleashing hellfire on the unsuspecting U.S. Pacific Fleet. Torpedoes ripped through battleships, dive bombers rained destruction, and flames engulfed the base. Pearl Harbor housed the Pacific Fleet, a symbol of American military might, and its neutralization was crucial for Japan’s expansionist ambitions.

But the echoes of Pearl Harbor resonated far beyond the harbor itself. On the tiny island of Niihau, approximately 17 miles southwest of Kauai, life unfolded peacefully, oblivious to the unfolding tragedy. Niihau, known for its isolation and fiercely guarded traditional Hawaiian culture, was a world away from the bustling harbor town. Its roughly 200 inhabitants carried on their daily lives, speaking Hawaiian and tending to their land.

The first indication of the attack arrived not with an explosion, but with a crash. At approximately 1:30 pm local time, a damaged Japanese Zero fighter plane piloted by Shigenori Nishikaichi veered off course and plummeted onto the island’s rugged terrain. Unaware of the wider conflict, the islanders, led by Benjamin “Benny” Kanahele, approached the injured pilot with generosity, offering him food and water. However, their hospitality soon turned to suspicion as news of the Pearl Harbor attack crackled through their radios later that evening.

Nishikaichi, realizing his situation, attempted to manipulate and coerce the islanders. He fabricated stories, threatened violence, and even managed to steal a shotgun. He managed to enlist the assistance of a few local Japanese residents of the Island. Fear gripped the small community, yet their spirit remained resolute. Benny Kanahele, along with several other brave islanders, formulated a plan to overpower the pilot and protect their community. Six men left on a small boat to Kauai to alert authorities. Others stole the weapons and ammunition from the crashed aircraft.

On December 8th, in an attempt to escape capture by the Japanese pilot, an altercation began. In the altercation, Benjamin Kanahele was shot three times. Despite his injuries, Kanahele overpowered Nishikaichi and killed him with the help of his wife. One of Nishikaichi’s accomplices committed suicide with the stolen shotgun. This act of remarkable courage, by a tiny island community facing an armed enemy soldier, demonstrated the unwavering spirit and resourcefulness of the Hawaiian people.

Benjamin Kanahele was awarded for his heroism. The wreck was inspected by military authorities. Nishikaichi’s surviving accomplices were interned and eventually released. The remains of Nishikaichi’s fighter were picked over buy souvenir hunters over the years. What is left of his crashed fighter is currently on display at the Pearl Harbor Aviation Museum

On the calm morning of December 7, 1941, Pearl Harbor, a bustling naval base in Hawaii, was home to a significant portion of the U.S. Navy’s Pacific Fleet. This fleet, known as the Pearl Harbor fleet on the day of the Pearl Harbor Attack, comprised a diverse range of US Navy vessels, including powerful battleships like the USS Arizona, USS Oklahoma, USS California, etc.

One of the primary targets of the surprise Japanese attack was the USS Arizona at Pearl Harbor, a mighty battleship that suffered catastrophic damage and sank, tragically claiming numerous lives. Other battleships targeted and heavily damaged included the USS Oklahoma, USS California, USS West Virginia, USS Nevada, USS Maryland, USS Tennessee, and USS Pennsylvania.

Cruisers like the USS Helena, USS Honolulu, and USS Raleigh were also present and became casualties of the attack. Destroyers like the USS Downes, USS Cassin, USS Shaw, and USS Helm were moored nearby and were similarly struck. The USS Utah, a former battleship serving as a target ship, was among the very first to be hit and capsized within minutes. Another key ship, the aircraft carrier USS Enterprise, fortunately, missed the attack while returning from a delivery mission.

Submarines like the USS Tautog, USS Dolphin, and USS Narwhal were also docked at Pearl Harbor but managed to escape significant damage during the assault. Additionally, Pearl Harbor ships included auxiliary vessels like minesweepers, repair ships, and oilers, playing crucial support roles for the fleet.

The attack on Pearl Harbor inflicted heavy losses, sinking or severely damaging numerous ships, severely crippling the Pacific fleet ‘s movements and its capabilities in the initial stages of World War II. The strategic positioning of the ships within Pearl Harbor, unfortunately, made them vulnerable targets for the surprise aerial attack. The destruction of the battleships, in particular, symbolized the devastating blow dealt to the United States naval power in the Pacific.

This pivotal event in American history, the Pearl Harbor attack, propelled the United States into World War II, igniting national unity and resolve in response to the audacious assault. A massive effort to salvage and repair the damaged ships began immediately, contributing to the eventual recovery and resurgence of the Pacific Fleet.

Today, memorials and museums at Pearl Harbor, including the USS Arizona Memorial, stand as a tribute to the ships and sailors lost or impacted by the attack. The legacy of the Pearl Harbor ships endures as a reminder of the sacrifices made and the resilience demonstrated in the face of immense adversity.

The USS Oklahoma, a Nevada-class battleship commissioned in 1916, holds a significant place in American history. She was tragically involved in the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Moored alongside the USS Maryland and other battleships on Battleship Row, the USS Oklahoma was struck by multiple torpedoes, causing her to capsize within minutes.

The USS Oklahoma served for decades, participating in World War I and protecting vital convoys. However, her fate changed on a fateful morning in December 1941. During the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, the ship became a target. Despite valiant efforts by the crew, the torpedoes caused significant damage, causing the ship to rapidly capsize. This tragic event resulted in the loss of 429 crew members, the second-highest number of casualties suffered by a ship during the attack.

Efforts to save trapped crew members were hampered by the rapid sinking of the ship. However, the salvage operation began soon after, aiming to right the ship and recover those who perished. This process took over two years due to the challenges involved. Ultimately, the USS Oklahoma was raised, but the damage sustained proved too extensive, leading to the decommissioning of the ship in 1944. The salvage operation, was successful in raising the ship and helped in the effort to recover the remains of many crew members. Some were buried as unknowns, but ongoing efforts using DNA technology have identified additional remains. In 2007, a renewed effort began to identify the remaining unknowns, and in 2015, plans were announced to exhume and re-identify them.

To honor the fallen crew members, the USS Oklahoma Memorial was dedicated at Pearl Harbor in 2007. This solemn site features 429 marble columns, each representing a lost sailor. The ship’s bell, recovered during salvage, is displayed at the memorial, serving as a powerful reminder of the ship and her crew.

The story of the USS Oklahoma is one of tragedy, sacrifice, and valor. It serves as a reminder of the immense cost of war and the bravery displayed by those who serve. The ongoing efforts to identify the remains and the existence of the USS Oklahoma Memorial ensure that the memory of this ship and her crew continues to be honored at Pearl Harbor and across the United States. We should remember the USS Oklahoma battleship for several reasons. Firstly, her loss serves as a stark reminder of the human cost of war. The 429 crew members who lost their lives aboard the ship during the attack on Pearl Harbor represent the sacrifices made in the fight for freedom. Their story reminds us of the fragility of life and the importance of striving for peace. Secondly, the USS Oklahoma stands as a symbol of courage and resilience. Despite being struck by multiple torpedoes, the crew members fought valiantly, demonstrating their unwavering commitment to duty. Their bravery inspires us to face challenges with determination and perseverance. Finally, remembering the USS Oklahoma signifies the importance of honoring the fallen. The ongoing efforts to identify the remains of crew members and the existence of the USS Oklahoma Memorial at Pearl Harbor demonstrate our respect for those who lost their lives. These actions ensure that their sacrifice is never forgotten.

The USS Missouri, peaked at Pearl Harbor, affectionately nicknamed “Mighty Mo,” holds a special place in American history. This iconic battleship not only served during critical moments of war, but also witnessed the signing of the document that ended World War II, forever etching its name in history.

Commissioned in 1944, the USS Missouri was the last of the Iowa-class battleships built for the US Navy. This behemoth stretched an impressive 887 feet long and could reach speeds of over 33 knots. During its active service, the ship boasted a crew of over 2,700 personnel and was armed with an arsenal of powerful weaponry, including nine massive 16-inch guns and numerous smaller cannons. Its thick armor, ranging from 6 to 17 inches, provided formidable protection in combat.

The USS Missouri saw action in World War II, participating in crucial battles like Iwo Jima and Okinawa. However, its most defining moment came on September 2, 1945, when Japanese representatives formally surrendered aboard the ship, marking the official end of the war. This momentous event took place on the ship’s surrender deck, which remains a central attraction for visitors even today at the USS Missouri museum.

The Mighty Mo’s service continued beyond World War II. It played a role in the Korean War and provided fire support during the Vietnam War. Decommissioned in 1955, the battleship was brought back into service in 1984 after receiving modern upgrades. However, it was finally decommissioned for good in 1992 and struck from the naval register in 1995.

Today, the USS Missouri resides in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, as a museum ship. Visitors can explore various sections of the ship, including the bridge, gun turrets, and engine rooms, offering a glimpse into its powerful past. The surrender deck, where history unfolded, serves as a poignant reminder of the war’s conclusion.

The USS Missouri’s significance extends beyond its physical presence. It stands as a symbol of American naval power and victory in World War II. Its iconic image has been featured in numerous films, documentaries, and literary works, solidifying its place in popular culture. The ship has also seen visits from dignitaries, including presidents and foreign leaders, further solidifying its status as a landmark.

To preserve this invaluable piece of history, the USS Missouri museum has undertaken extensive restoration and preservation efforts. Through educational programs and exhibits, the museum strives to educate visitors about naval history and the significance of the USS Missouri.

The legacy of the USS Missouri continues to inspire interest in maritime history and military heritage. As America’s last battleship, it serves as a powerful reminder of the nation’s naval prowess and the importance of remembering the sacrifices made during wartime.

If you’re interested in learning more about the USS Missouri, consider visiting the museum or watching a documentary about its fascinating history. This mighty ship serves as a reminder of the past and a source of inspiration for future generations.

The attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 when USS Arizona was destroyed by the Japanese Imperial Navy remains a defining moment in American history. It was a day of immense loss, not just on a national scale, but for countless families who lost loved ones in the blink of an eye. Among the victims were Thomas Augusta Free and his son, Thomas Everett Free, who served together on the USS Arizona.

Thomas Augusta Free, a seasoned sailor with over two decades of experience, held the rank of Chief Watertender aboard the Arizona. Following in his footsteps, his son, Thomas Everett Free, joined the Navy at the young age of 17, serving as a Seaman First Class. This wasn’t uncommon at the time, as families often had a long history of military service. However, the attack on Pearl Harbor tragically altered their shared story.

On that fateful morning, the Japanese attack descended upon Pearl Harbor. The USS Arizona, one of the battleships targeted, suffered a devastating blow, sinking rapidly and taking the lives of more than 1,100 sailors and Marines. Dawn shattered by a roar of engines. Japanese planes swarmed the unsuspecting Pearl Harbor, unleashing a torrent of bombs and torpedoes. Battleships erupted in flame, billowing smoke choked the air. Sailors scrambled to battle stations, anti-aircraft guns spitting defiance. The once peaceful harbor became a scene of chaos and destruction. Shrapnel rained down, men fell, and the mighty Arizona, engulfed in fire, sank to a watery grave.

Both Thomas Augusta Free, at the age of 51, and Thomas Everett Free, at just 17, perished in the attack. Their deaths became a stark symbol of the profound impact the Pearl Harbor attack had on families across the nation. Their story highlights the sacrifices made not just by individual soldiers but by families who collectively shouldered the immense burden of war. Though their remains rest with the ship at the bottom of Pearl Harbor, a permanent memorial exists to honor their sacrifice. The USS Arizona Memorial, located in Honolulu, Hawaii, features the names of all those lost, including Thomas Augusta Free and Thomas Everett Free. It serves as a solemn reminder of the human cost of conflict, attracting millions of visitors each year who come to pay their respects.

The tragedy of the Free family reflects the immense toll war takes on individuals and communities. Their sacrifice, along with all those who perished on the USS Arizona, is not forgotten. Their memory lives on, serving as a reminder of the price of freedom and the importance of cherishing peace.

While visiting the USS Arizona memorial most of us think about its origins and early making. One of the very famous faces of the music industry elvis Presley played a significant role in drawing attention to the importance of the pearl harbour national memorial through the benefit concert Contributing to its establishment. He along with others envisioned and worked towards creating the monument.

Elvis Aaron Presley, the “King of Rock and Roll,” transcends mere musical stardom. Born on January 8, 1935, in Tupelo, Mississippi, his journey to becoming an American songster and actor marked an era of cultural transformation. Presley’s fusion of influences across color lines, during a pivotal period in race relations, brought both triumph and controversy, solidifying him as one of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century.

Elvis’s musical odyssey began in 1954 at Sun Records in Memphis, Tennessee, under the patronage of Sam Phillips. His collaboration with guitarist Scotty Moore, bassist Bill Black, and later drummer D.J. Fontana created the classic quintet that pioneered rockabilly. The release of “Heartbreak Hotel” in January 1956 marked the onset of Presley’s monumental success, with RCA Victor selling ten million of his singles. Despite controversy surrounding his performative style, Elvis became the face of the rock and roll movement.

Presley’s multifaceted career took a turn when he made his film debut in “Love Me Tender” in November 1956. However, a hiatus was inevitable as he was drafted into military service in 1958. Elvis, a colonist of rockabilly, emerged post-military service with remarkable resilience. The 1968 NBC TV comeback special marked his return to the stage, leading to an extended concert residency in Las Vegas and globally broadcast solo concerts in 1973.

Elvis’s impact on American history extends beyond the realms of entertainment. The devastating attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 led to the tragic loss of over 1,000 sailors aboard the USS Arizona. Efforts to establish a memorial were hindered by insufficient funds. In March 1961, Presley’s manager, Colonel Tom Parker, recognized the potential for a benefit concert to garner positive publicity. On November 11, 1957, Elvis performed in Hawaii, marking his final concert before his 1958 induction into the U.S. Army. His honorable discharge in 1960 created a poignant link to the fundraiser. Colonel Parker promoted the concert on Oahu radio, and the public response was overwhelming, with 4,000 attendees filling Bloch Arena on the benefit day. Elvis’s stage presence, clad in his iconic gold lamé suit jacket, enchanted the audience.

The lack of recorded video makes the event even more exceptional. Parker’s attempts tob secure a TV special were futile, making the live audience the privileged few to witness Elvis’s post-military comeback.
Hawaii’s House of Representatives expressed gratitude through Resolution 105, and Presley’s efforts led to increased financial support, culminating in the dedication of the USS Arizona Memorial on May 30, 1962.

Elvis’s motivation for the benefit concert went beyond financial aid. The connection between Elvis and the servicemen entombed in the USS Arizona was profound. The concert, attended by 3,000 enthusiastic fans upon his arrival in Hawaii, showcased not just his musical brilliance but also his compassion.In 1961, he orchestrated a historic benefit concert at Bloch Arena, Pearl Harbor, raising over $54,000 for the USS Arizona Memorial fund. Guided by Colonel Tom Parker, this event marked a pivotal chapter in Presley’s career.

Beyond financial aid, Elvis’s motivation for the benefit concert was deeply personal. Having performed in Hawaii in 1957, the connection was profound. Colonel Parker highlighted that Elvis, at 26, shared an age resonance with many servicemen entombed in the USS Arizona. This endeavor was not just a performance; it was a heartfelt tribute.

The public response to Elvis’s benefit concert was overwhelming. Approximately 4,000 attendees filled Bloch Arena, reflecting the deep admiration and support for the iconic artist. Entry wasn’t exempt for high-ranking officials, emphasizing Colonel Parker’s insistence on no complimentary tickets.

Elvis’s benefit concert reverberated far beyond the applause in Bloch Arena. Hawaii’s House of Representatives expressed gratitude through Resolution 105, amplifying the awareness of the USS Arizona Memorial fund. This increased attention garnered additional support from both the public and private sectors, ultimately leading to the dedication of the memorial on May 30, 1962.

As we reflect on Elvis Presley’s multifaceted influence, his benefit concert stands as a beacon of compassion and patriotism.

In commemorating Elvis Presley, we celebrate not just the King of Rock and Roll, but a compassionate soul whose chords of generosity and patriotism continue to resonate through the USS Arizona Memorial, reminding us of the profound impact one man can have on history.

Hawaii is often associated with its stunning natural beauty, tropical landscapes, and a laid-back atmosphere that makes it an ideal vacation destination. However, it’s important to recognize the historical significance of Pearl Harbor National Memorial, which is a solemn and impactful site in Hawaii. Pearl harbor is home to USS Arizona Battleship where thousands of Americans sacrificed their life due to the Japanese surprise attack on December 7, 1941. Along with the remains of sunken USS Arizona battleship remained a handful of Pearl Harbor survivors who carries the stories and the undefeated spirit of USS Arizona’s crew.

In the tapestry of history, there are threads woven with courage, sacrifice, and resilience. As of July 2023, a handful of remarkable individuals stand as living connections to a defining moment in our nation’s history—the attack on Pearl Harbor. The survivors, through their shared experiences, connect us to a past marked by tragedy and resilience. Their legacy prompts reflection on the human cost of conflict and the need to honor the sacrifices made by those who served. Over the years, they valiantly carried the weight of their shared experiences, recounting tales of courage and tragedy. These stalwart individuals, who once formed a resilient cohort, have faced the passage of time together. Yet, the years have taken their toll, and the ranks of these survivors have gradually dwindled. In the quiet progression of history, their numbers have thinned, leaving only one to carry the torch of remembrance.
Let’s take a moment to pay tribute to these legends, the oldest survivors who witnessed the day of infamy.

-Ray Chavez (March 1912 – November 21, 2018):
Ray Chavez, the eldest on our list, embodied the strength of a generation. Born in March 1912, his journey spanned a century, and he passed away at the age of 106.

-Jim Downing (August 22, 1913 – February 13, 2018):
A beacon of wisdom and strength, Jim Downing’s remarkable life spanned nearly a century. His experiences during the attack and his subsequent contributions made him a revered figure among survivors.

-Mickey Ganitch (November 18, 1919 – May 4, 2022):
Mickey Ganitch, with a spirit as vibrant as his longevity, inspired many. A witness to history, his journey reflected the indomitable human spirit that emerged from the ashes of Pearl Harbor.

-Joe Langdell (October 12, 1914 – February 4, 2015):
Though Joe Langdell left us in 2015, his memory endured. A member of the Greatest Generation, Langdell’s resilience during and after Pearl Harbor served as a beacon of strength for future generations.

-Louis Conter (September 13, 1921 – Present):
Lou Conter, the last known survivor among those who escaped the inferno on the USS Arizona, carries the weight of history on his shoulders. His presence among us is a living bridge to the harrowing events of that fateful Sunday morning.

-Howard Kenton Potts (April 15, 1921 – April 21, 2023):
Howard Kenton Potts, who shared his memories as a boatswain’s mate and crane operator, passed away in 2023, leaving behind a legacy forever etched in history.

-Lauren Bruner (November 4, 1920 – September 10, 2019):
Lauren Bruner, born in 1920, stood as a symbol of endurance. His journey from the fiery waters of Pearl Harbor to his passing in 2019 reflected the strength of those who refused to be defined by tragedy.

-Lonnie Cook (November 19, 1920 – July 31, 2019):
Lonnie Cook, who shared the burden of that tragic day, passed away in July 2019, leaving behind a legacy of resilience.

-James Bilotta (January 5, 1920 – September 9, 2018):
James Bilotta’s memory endures even after his passing in 2018. His life, spanning nearly a century, encapsulates the enduring impact of those who lived through one of history’s darkest hours.

-John Anderson (August 26, 1917 – November 14, 2015):
John Anderson’s presence among the oldest Pearl Harbor survivors was a testament to the strength of character forged in the crucible of war. His journey, though concluded, remains etched in the annals of history.

-Donald Stratton (July 14, 1922 – February 15, 2020):
Donald Stratton, who shared his experiences of that infamous day, passed away in February 2020, leaving behind a legacy that will forever be remembered.

In the silent corridors of history, where time weaves its tapestry of remembrance, there stands a man named Lou Conter. As the last living survivor of the USS Arizona, he carries with him the weight of a generation’s sacrifices and the echoes of a day etched in the annals of time.

Alongside his comrade Howard Kenton Potts, they weathered the storm of December 7, 1941 – a date that would forever define their lives. Howard, a companion in arms and spirit, shared his stories until the twilight of his years. With Howard’s departure, Lou finds himself standing as the solitary guardian of their shared history.

The memories of that fateful Sunday morning unfold in Lou’s mind like a reel of wartime footage – the billowing smoke, the acrid scent of burning oil, and the desperate struggle for survival in the midst of chaos. They were young then, sailors thrust into the crucible of war, witnessing the USS Arizona succumb to the relentless onslaught.

Camaraderie among survivors became the sturdy anchor in the tempest of uncertainty. Lou and Howard weren’t just naval servicemen; they were family, their bond forged by the trials of Pearl Harbor. Now, Lou stands as the lone sentinel, a living bridge to an era that grows distant with each passing day.

Preserving the legacy of the USS Arizona becomes a sacred duty, a responsibility etched into Lou’s soul. The sacrifices made and the valor displayed must not fade into the obscurity of forgotten tales. As the last living witness, he feels compelled to ensure that the voices of the past resonate in the present and endure into the future.

When Lou speaks to younger generations, it’s not merely a recounting of historical events. It’s an offering of the human spirit that emerged from the shadows of tragedy. The lessons of Pearl Harbor transcend time, imparting wisdom about resilience, sacrifice, and the enduring strength found in the darkest hours.

In the quiet moments, as Lou gazes across the horizon of his memories, he hears the echoes of his shipmates and feels the camaraderie that defined their journey. Howard may have departed, but the legacy of the USS Arizona lives on, carried forward by the last witness standing – a duty embraced with both honor and humility.

As we reflect on the lives of these remarkable individuals, we are reminded that history is not confined to textbooks but lives among us in the form of these legends. Their stories are a testament to the strength of the human spirit, resilience in the face of adversity, and the enduring legacy of those who witnessed a day that would live in infamy It’s indeed a somber acknowledgment that time inevitably takes its toll, and we lose the living witnesses to historical events. As the torch passes to future generations, let us carry their stories forward with gratitude, ensuring that the lessons of Pearl Harbor are never forgotten.

In the serene depths of Pearl Harbor, the USS Arizona battleship stands as a poignant memorial to the 1,102 sailors and Marines who found their final rest within its submerged remains. The USS Arizona Memorial, a solemn testament to the tragic events of December 7, 1941, stands as a beacon of remembrance and reflection.

Resting in about 40 feet of water off the coast of Ford Island, the USS Arizona remains a powerful symbol of sacrifice. The Pearl Harbor National Memorial now encompasses the sunken battleship, offering a place of contemplation and reverence. Dedicated to all who perished in the Pearl Harbor attack, the memorial spans across the ship’s remnants, serving as a tangible connection to the past.

While most of the ship remains hidden, fragments and artefacts have found their way into various corners of history. Wilber Bowers, an Arizona University graduate, salvaged a ship’s bell in 1944, ensuring its preservation at the University of Arizona. This bell, a tangible link to the ship’s legacy, resides in a specially crafted tower, echoing the resilience of those who served.

Divers who brave the depths witness a haunting city frozen in time. The underwater landscape reveals fragments of life – a uniform on a hanger, shaving kits, cooking pots, and shoe soles – a poignant reminder of the human presence aboard the vessel, telling the story of a floating city abruptly extinguished by war’s horrors.

Out of respect for the fallen, divers refrain from entering the ship. Instead, they explore its interiors through remotely operated vehicles. Amidst the wreckage, a coiled fire hose stands as a silent witness to the overwhelming forces that engulfed the USS Arizona, a testament to the impossibility of battling the inferno.

Sunk in 1941, the USS Arizona continues to seep approximately 500,000 gallons of oil into the harbour, a sombre reminder of the enduring impact of that tragic day. Almost 70 years after its demise, the battleship persists in releasing up to 9 quarts of oil daily, a poignant echo of a vessel that refuses to be forgotten.

Standing on the hallowed grounds of the USS Arizona Memorial, we are reminded of the profound significance of Pearl Harbor, the enduring legacy of the battleship, and the sacrifice of those who rest beneath the waves. The memorial stands not only as a testament to history but as a promise to remember, ensuring that the echoes of that day will resonate through generations to come.

USS Arizona Memorial is a tribute to the sailors and Marines who lost their lives during the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. The memorial is located in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Here’s a breakdown of the features in connection with the USS Arizona Memorial:

1.Three Main Parts
– Entry: This is likely the entrance area where visitors approach the memorial.
– Assembly Room: The central assembly room with seven large open windows on either wall and ceiling serves as a symbolic space commemorating the date of the attack.
– Shrine: The shrine could be a dedicated area within the memorial for reflection and remembrance.

2. Symbolic Windows:
– The seven large windows in the assembly room likely symbolize something related to the attack, though not the rumoured 21-gun salute or 21 Marines standing at parade rest.

3.Opening in the Floor:
– This feature allows visitors to toss flowers into the opening as a way of paying tribute to the fallen sailors. Originally, leis were tossed into the water, but due to environmental concerns, they are now placed on guardrails in front of the names of the fallen.

The National Memorial is a significant historical site, providing a place for reflection on the events of December 7, 1941, and honouring the memory of those who lost their lives during the attack on Pearl Harbor. The memorial is built over the sunken remains of the USS Arizona battleship, which still lies at the bottom of Pearl Harbor. Visitors can access the memorial by boat and experience a solemn and respectful environment dedicated to the memory of the fallen servicemen.

Today, Arizona rests submerged, where she fell, More than 900 sailors and Marines could not be recovered. The overwhelming majority of those men were cremated in the blast. For those like Blount, the memorial represents a cemetery — a solemn resting place.

Not all components of the Arizona rest at the harbour’s seabed. In 1944, Wilber Bowers found one of the ship’s bells wasting away in a shipyard. He sent the bell to the University of Arizona, where it remains to this day in a tower created for its preservation.

Remnants of the community that existed aboard Arizona are strewn throughout the submerged wreckage, including a uniform hanging on a rack, shaving kits, cooking pots, and shoe soles.

The Arizona sank and the ship continued to burn for more than two days. Efforts were made to retrieve bodies, but eventually, the decision was made to leave more than 900 entombed in the ship’s wreckage. In 1942, the Arizona was deemed a total loss and, unlike other vessels, was not raised. Different sections of the battleship were recovered and repurposed in support of the war effort.

The memorial, constructed over the remnants of the ship, stands as a dedication to all those who lost their lives during the attack. The USS Arizona and its crew are memorialized at the University of Arizona Mall.

As visitors stand on the hallowed grounds of the USS Arizona Memorial, they are reminded not only of the profound significance of Pearl Harbor but also of the enduring legacy of the battleship and the sacrifice of those who rest beneath the waves. The memorial stands as a timeless tribute, promising to remember and ensuring that the echoes of that tragic day will resonate through generations to come. The USS Arizona, with its seeping oil and preserved artefacts, remains a symbol of sacrifice and resilience, encapsulating the profound significance of the events that unfolded on December 7, 1941, at Pearl Harbor.